Frequently Asked Questions

I offer a complimentary 30-minute consultation by Zoom for adults, couples, families, clinicians seeking supervision, and organizations interested in consulting services.

The consultation is an opportunity for us to discuss what is bringing you in, what you’re hoping to gain from our work together, and whether my approach feels like a good fit. You’re welcome to ask questions about my experience, NARM therapy, fees, scheduling, or anything else that would help you make an informed decision.

Therapy is a significant investment of time, energy, and trust. I believe it’s important that you feel comfortable moving forward rather than pressured into a decision.

You can schedule a consultation through my contact form and I’ll respond as soon as I’m able.

Many people arrive feeling uncertain about what to ask or how much they should share. There is no expectation that you have your story organized.

During our conversation, I’ll ask a few questions about what has brought you to therapy at this point in your life, what you’ve already tried, and what you’re hoping will be different through our work together.

I’ll also share more about my approach and answer any questions you may have. By the end of the consultation, we should both have a clearer sense of whether working together feels like a good fit.

Finding the right therapist matters. While training, experience, and therapeutic approach are important, meaningful therapy is ultimately built on a relationship that feels safe enough to explore, challenge, and grow.

People who tend to benefit from my approach are often looking for more than symptom management alone. They may want to understand long-standing patterns, explore the impact of developmental and relational experiences, and cultivate greater connection to themselves and others.

My style tends to be collaborative, curious, relational, and depth-oriented. While I may offer observations and challenges at times, my goal is never to push or overwhelm, but rather to help create conditions where meaningful exploration can occur.

The NeuroAffective Relational Model (NARM) is an advanced therapeutic approach developed specifically for addressing developmental trauma, attachment trauma, and the long-term effects of chronic relational stress. Rather than focusing primarily on symptoms or revisiting past events, NARM explores how early experiences continue to shape identity, emotional experience, relationships, and patterns of self-regulation in the present.

Many people who seek NARM therapy struggle with anxiety, depression, shame, self-criticism, emotional disconnection, relationship difficulties, or a persistent feeling of being “stuck” despite insight and self-awareness. NARM helps individuals develop greater awareness of the survival strategies that once served an important purpose but may now limit connection, flexibility, and personal agency.

A central goal of NARM is not simply symptom reduction, but supporting greater connection to oneself, increased emotional resilience, and a stronger sense of choice in how one responds to life’s challenges. Sessions often include attention to thoughts, emotions, body sensations, and relational patterns as they emerge in real time.

If you’d like a deeper overview, you can learn more on my dedicated NARM Therapy page.

While every therapy approach has its strengths, NARM differs from many traditional models in several important ways.

Rather than focusing primarily on diagnosis, symptom management, or analyzing the past, NARM is interested in how developmental experiences continue to shape present-day patterns of emotion, identity, and relationship. The focus is less on asking, “What happened to you?” and more on exploring, “How did you adapt, and how are those adaptations affecting your life today?”

NARM also places significant emphasis on personal agency. Instead of viewing individuals as damaged or broken, it recognizes the intelligent survival strategies that developed in response to difficult circumstances. Therapy becomes an opportunity to understand these patterns with curiosity and compassion rather than judgment.

Another distinguishing feature of NARM is its integration of psychological, emotional, somatic, and relational experience. We pay attention not only to thoughts and insights, but also to emotions, nervous system responses, body sensations, and what occurs within the therapeutic relationship itself.

The goal is not simply to understand your history, but to create meaningful change in how you experience yourself and others in the present.

No. Many people benefit from NARM therapy even if they have few memories of childhood or do not identify with having experienced significant trauma.

Developmental trauma is often less about specific events and more about the cumulative impact of relational experiences over time. People may notice patterns such as chronic anxiety, self-doubt, perfectionism, difficulty trusting others, emotional disconnection, people-pleasing, shame, or recurring relationship struggles without having clear memories that explain them.

NARM does not require detailed recollection of past experiences. Rather than attempting to recover memories or extensively revisit the past, we focus on what is happening in the present moment. By exploring current emotions, beliefs, body sensations, and relational patterns, we can often gain meaningful insight into the adaptations that developed earlier in life.

For many individuals, this approach feels more accessible and less overwhelming than therapies that rely heavily on recounting painful experiences. Whether you have vivid memories, fragmented memories, or very little memory of your childhood, meaningful therapeutic work is still possible.

I work with adults, couples, families, and helping professionals navigating a wide range of emotional, relational, and developmental challenges.

Many of the individuals I work with are seeking support around developmental trauma, attachment trauma, anxiety, depression, chronic stress, shame, self-criticism, perfectionism, emotional disconnection, life transitions, relationship difficulties, and questions of identity or self-worth. Others come to therapy feeling stuck in recurring patterns that no longer serve them, despite significant insight, self-awareness, or previous therapeutic work.

While symptoms are often what bring people to therapy, my approach is interested not only in symptom reduction but, especially, in understanding the deeper patterns that shape how we relate to ourselves, connect with others, and navigate life’s challenges.

Whether you are struggling with a specific concern or simply have a sense that something in your life feels disconnected, repetitive, or difficult to change, therapy can provide an opportunity to develop greater awareness, agency, and connection.

If you’d like a deeper overview, you can learn more on my dedicated Individual Therapy page.

There is no single answer to this question because every person enters therapy with different goals, histories, and needs.

Some individuals seek support around a specific life transition, relationship challenge, or period of heightened stress and may work in therapy for a relatively shorter period of time. Others are interested in exploring longstanding patterns related to developmental trauma, attachment, identity, relationships, or emotional well-being, which often benefits from a longer-term approach.

My goal is not to keep people in therapy indefinitely, nor is it to rush meaningful work. Rather, therapy is a collaborative process in which we regularly assess your goals, progress, and evolving needs. Over time, many clients find that as symptoms decrease and self-understanding grows, the focus shifts from managing distress toward cultivating greater agency, connection, and fulfillment.

The length of therapy is ultimately determined by what feels meaningful and supportive for your life rather than a predetermined timeline.

Yes. Many of the individuals I work with have received diagnoses such as anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD, complex PTSD, ADHD, or other mental health conditions.

While diagnoses can sometimes provide a helpful framework for understanding symptoms and accessing care, my approach is interested not only in the diagnosis itself but also in the underlying patterns, experiences, and adaptations that contribute to emotional distress. For example, anxiety may be connected to chronic stress, perfectionism, self-criticism, unresolved trauma, or longstanding relational dynamics. Similarly, depression may involve experiences of disconnection, hopelessness, shame, loss, or adaptations that developed in response to earlier life circumstances.

Rather than focusing exclusively on symptom reduction, therapy explores how these patterns developed, how they continue to influence your life today, and what becomes possible as greater awareness, agency, and connection emerge.

Whether you identify with a specific diagnosis or simply know that something in your life feels difficult, repetitive, or painful, therapy can provide a space to better understand your experience and support meaningful change.

Yes. Developmental and complex trauma are central areas of my practice.

Many people who seek therapy are not struggling because of a single event, but because of the cumulative impact of relational experiences over time. These experiences can shape how we relate to ourselves, connect with others, manage emotions, establish boundaries, and navigate intimacy, conflict, or vulnerability.

The effects of developmental trauma often show up as chronic anxiety, shame, perfectionism, self-criticism, emotional disconnection, people-pleasing, difficulty trusting others, or recurring relationship patterns that seem difficult to change despite insight and effort.

My work is grounded primarily in the NeuroAffective Relational Model (NARM), an approach specifically developed for addressing developmental trauma and attachment-related challenges. Together, we explore the adaptive strategies that helped you survive earlier experiences while creating greater flexibility, agency, and connection in the present.

Rather than focusing exclusively on symptoms or pathology, therapy becomes an opportunity to understand how these patterns developed and what becomes possible when they no longer need to organize your life.

 Yes. I work with couples who are seeking greater understanding, connection, and emotional safety within their relationship.

Many couples arrive feeling caught in recurring cycles of conflict, distance, defensiveness, criticism, withdrawal, or misunderstanding. Often, these patterns are not simply communication problems but reflect deeper attachment needs, protective strategies, and nervous system responses that emerge during moments of stress or disconnection.

In our work together, we slow these patterns down and develop greater awareness of what is happening beneath the surface. Rather than focusing on blame or determining who is right, we explore how each partner’s experience contributes to the relational dynamic and what supports more meaningful connection.

My approach integrates attachment-focused, relational, and trauma-informed perspectives, helping couples move beyond repetitive conflicts and toward greater understanding, accountability, and intimacy.

If you’d like a deeper overview, you can learn more on my dedicated Couples & Family Therapy page.

Yes. I work with adult family members seeking support around communication difficulties, unresolved conflict, emotional distance, life transitions, caregiving challenges, and longstanding relational patterns.

Family relationships can be among the most meaningful and most challenging relationships we have. Even when family members genuinely care about one another, years of misunderstandings, differing expectations, unresolved hurts, or protective survival strategies can create significant strain.

Family therapy provides a space to better understand these dynamics, improve communication, strengthen boundaries, and explore new ways of relating to one another. The goal is not to assign blame, but to create greater awareness of the patterns that shape the relationship and identify opportunities for repair, connection, and growth.

If you’d like a deeper overview, you can learn more on my dedicated Couples & Family Therapy page.

Possibly. While most individuals who work with me do so as their primary therapist, there are circumstances where it can be beneficial to work alongside another mental health professional or healing practitioner.

For example, some people seek NARM therapy while continuing work with a Somatic Experiencing practitioner, EMDR therapist, couples therapist, psychiatrist, or other provider. In these situations, it is important that the roles of each provider are clear and complementary rather than duplicative.

Whether working with multiple providers is appropriate depends on your goals, the nature of the existing treatment, and whether collaboration would support your overall growth. During an initial consultation, we can discuss your current supports and determine whether adding another therapeutic relationship would be beneficial.

My priority is always ensuring that the treatment structure best serves your needs, rather than simply adding another layer of care.

Yes. I frequently work with therapists, healthcare professionals, coaches, educators, organizational leaders, and others in helping professions.

Many individuals in these roles spend their days supporting others while having limited opportunities to receive support themselves. They often carry significant responsibility, navigate complex interpersonal dynamics, and may find it difficult to prioritize their own needs, boundaries, or emotional well-being.

Being knowledgeable about psychology or human behavior does not make someone immune to anxiety, self-doubt, relational challenges, burnout, developmental trauma, or the impact of life transitions. In fact, helping professionals are often highly skilled at caring for others while struggling to extend the same compassion and attention toward themselves.

Therapy can provide a space to step out of the role of helper, deepen self-understanding, explore personal and professional challenges, and cultivate greater authenticity, resilience, and connection. My approach is collaborative and respects the insight and expertise that helping professionals often bring while remaining grounded in curiosity rather than assumption.

Yes. I provide individual clinical supervision and consultation for therapists seeking greater depth, confidence, and intentionality in their clinical work.

My supervision approach is grounded in relational, psychodynamic, attachment-based, and trauma-informed perspectives, with particular emphasis on developmental trauma, countertransference, therapeutic process, and the use of self in treatment. While we may discuss diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical interventions, I am often equally interested in what is happening within the therapeutic relationship itself and how the therapist’s internal experience can serve as valuable clinical information.

Supervision is not simply a space to discuss difficult cases. It is also an opportunity to develop clinical presence, deepen case conceptualization skills, navigate uncertainty with greater confidence, and cultivate a more authentic therapeutic style.

I offer supervision for therapists at various stages of professional development, including those seeking support around complex trauma, personality adaptations, dissociation, relational dynamics, and challenging treatment impasses.

Clinical supervision and consultation can be valuable for therapists at virtually every stage of their professional development.

Some clinicians seek supervision while working toward licensure and developing foundational clinical skills. Others are experienced therapists looking for a space to think more deeply about complex cases, strengthen their theoretical orientation, navigate difficult therapeutic dynamics, or address feelings of uncertainty, frustration, or stagnation in their work.

My supervision style tends to be particularly helpful for clinicians interested in relational, psychodynamic, attachment-based, somatic, and trauma-informed approaches. Many supervisees are seeking greater confidence in working with developmental trauma, shame, dissociation, personality adaptations, emotional regulation, and the complexities that emerge within long-term therapeutic relationships.

Whether you are newly licensed, in the process of developing a specialization, or simply looking for a thoughtful space to reflect on your clinical work, supervision can support both professional growth and deeper therapeutic effectiveness.

Consultation is tailored to the unique needs and goals of each clinician, organization, or professional seeking support.

For therapists, consultation often focuses on case conceptualization, developmental and attachment trauma, therapeutic relationship dynamics, countertransference, treatment planning, diagnostic considerations, and moments where the work feels stuck or unclear. My approach emphasizes curiosity, collaboration, and helping clinicians develop greater trust in their own clinical thinking rather than providing formulaic answers.

For organizations and leadership teams, consultation may focus on relational dynamics, communication patterns, conflict, organizational culture, psychological safety, and the impact of stress on individuals and systems. Together, we explore how patterns develop within teams and identify opportunities for greater effectiveness, connection, and resilience. If you’d like a deeper overview, you can learn more on my dedicated Organizational Consulting page.

Across settings, consultation is designed to create space for thoughtful reflection, deeper understanding, and practical application rather than simply solving immediate problems.

I am currently licensed to provide psychotherapy to residents of New York and Florida through secure telehealth sessions.

Licensing requirements vary by state and may change over time. If you live outside of New York or Florida and are interested in working together, I encourage you to reach out. Depending on your location and applicable regulations, I may be able to discuss available options or provide referrals to other qualified providers.

For individuals located outside of the jurisdictions in which I am clinically licensed and who are interested in working with me, I offer NARM-informed coaching or consultation focused on personal development, self-understanding, and relational patterns outside of a psychotherapy framework. While these services are not mental health treatment and do not involve diagnosis, assessment, or psychotherapy, they may provide an opportunity to explore recurring patterns, deepen self-awareness, strengthen personal agency, and cultivate greater connection to oneself and others through a NARM-informed lens.

Whether psychotherapy, coaching, or consultation is appropriate depends on your location, goals, and the regulations that apply where you reside. If you’re unsure whether psychotherapy, coaching, or consultation would be appropriate for your circumstances, I encourage you to reach out and we can discuss available options.

At this time, I provide therapy, clinical supervision, and consultation exclusively through secure telehealth sessions.

Many clients appreciate the flexibility, accessibility, and convenience that telehealth offers, allowing them to engage in therapy from the comfort and privacy of their own environment.

All sessions are conducted through a secure, HIPAA-compliant video platform designed to protect your privacy and confidentiality.

Individual, couples, family, supervision, and consultation sessions are generally 60 minutes in length.

This format provides sufficient time to explore meaningful concerns while maintaining a consistent structure from session to session. Depending on the nature of the work and the services being provided, longer sessions may occasionally be discussed when clinically appropriate.

If you have questions about session length or are unsure which service best fits your needs, we can discuss this during an initial consultation.

Most clients begin therapy by meeting weekly. Consistent sessions help establish momentum, build the therapeutic relationship, and create space for meaningful exploration and growth.

As therapy progresses, some individuals may choose to continue meeting weekly, while others transition to biweekly sessions based on their goals, needs, and stage of treatment.

The frequency of therapy is always a collaborative decision. Together, we will discuss what level of support feels most beneficial and make adjustments as your needs evolve over time.

I understand that unexpected circumstances arise and occasionally require schedule changes.

If you need to cancel or reschedule a session, I ask that you provide as much notice as possible. Sessions canceled the day before or the day of a scheduled appointment, as well as missed appointments without notice, are subject to a $125 cancellation fee.

Whenever possible, I am happy to work with clients to reschedule within the same week. If a rescheduled session is later missed or canceled within the cancellation window, the cancellation fee will apply.

My cancellation policy is intended to balance flexibility with the need to reserve and protect dedicated appointment times for all clients.

My fee is $175 per 60 minute session for individual therapy, couples therapy, family therapy, clinical supervision, and professional consultation.

I believe it is important to be transparent about fees so that prospective clients can make informed decisions about whether working together feels like a good fit both clinically and financially.

If you have questions about fees, payment, insurance reimbursement, or the consultation process, I am happy to discuss them during an initial consultation.

I am an out-of-network provider and do not participate directly with insurance plans.

Many clients choose to work with out-of-network providers because they are seeking a particular therapeutic approach, specialization, or clinical fit. Depending on your insurance plan, you may be eligible for partial reimbursement for therapy services through your out-of-network benefits.

While I cannot guarantee reimbursement, I am happy to provide the documentation necessary for clients to submit claims to their insurance company. I encourage prospective clients to contact their insurance provider directly to learn more about their out-of-network mental health benefits and reimbursement rates.

If you have questions about insurance, reimbursement, or payment, I am happy to discuss them during a consultation.

Working as an out-of-network provider allows me greater flexibility in determining the length, frequency, and focus of treatment based on clinical need rather than insurance requirements. It also allows therapy to remain centered on your goals and the therapeutic relationship rather than third-party authorization processes. While insurance can be an important resource for many individuals, I have chosen a model that allows me to prioritize clinical autonomy, privacy, and individualized care.

Yes. Upon request, I can provide a monthly superbill that clients may submit to their insurance company for potential out-of-network reimbursement.

A superbill is an itemized receipt that includes the information insurance companies typically require when reviewing out-of-network mental health claims. Reimbursement amounts vary depending on your individual plan and benefits.

Because every insurance policy is different, I recommend contacting your insurance provider directly to understand your out-of-network coverage, deductible requirements, reimbursement rates, and any claim submission procedures.

While I cannot guarantee reimbursement, many clients successfully use superbills to receive partial reimbursement for therapy services.

In many cases, yes. Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) and Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs) can often be used to pay for psychotherapy services.

Because HSA and FSA plans vary, I recommend confirming eligibility requirements directly with your plan administrator. Clients are responsible for ensuring that their specific plan allows reimbursement for mental health services.

If needed, I can provide receipts or documentation that may assist with reimbursement or record-keeping requirements.